Thesis Defence: Beyond the Incident: Exploring Victims’/Survivors’ Experiences of Hate-Motivated Harm and System Responses in British Columbia

Kassandra Roul, supervised by Dr. Michael Woodworth, will defend their thesis titled “Beyond the Incident: Exploring Victims’/Survivors’ Experiences of Hate-Motivated Harm and System Responses in British Columbia” in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Clinical Psychology.

An abstract for Kassandra Roul’s thesis is included below.

Defences are open to all members of the campus community as well as the general public. Registration is not required for in-person defences.

Abstract

Hate-motivated harm is commonly understood through police-reported statistics, legal classifications, and institutional responses; however, these sources provide only a partial account of how victims/survivors interpret, navigate, and respond to these experiences. This qualitative study examined victims’/survivors’ experiences of hate-motivated incidents in British Columbia, with attention to meaning-making, disclosure and help-seeking, formal and informal responses, and possibilities for support and repair. Eleven adults who had experienced a hate-motivated incident in British Columbia participated in semi-structured interviews. Data were analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis within an Interpretive Description methodology. The social ecological model and trauma- and violence-informed care informed the study design and were used as interpretive lenses in the discussion. Six themes were developed. First, participants experienced hate-motivated harm as an attack on identity, safety, dignity, and belonging. Second, participants questioned whether the incident was “bad enough” to name, disclose, report, or seek support for, reflecting the legitimacy work involved in making harm recognizable. Third, help-seeking involved risk appraisal, as participants weighed the potential benefits of disclosure, reporting, or support against possible escalation, identity exposure, loss of control, institutional inaction, and emotional burden. Fourth, participants who sought support encountered fragmented systems that required them to locate, coordinate, and evaluate support pathways largely on their own. Fifth, support was meaningful when it was validating, relationally present, and identity-attuned; however, it was hollow when it was generic, procedural, minimizing, or required participants to translate the identity-based meaning of the harm. Finally, participants moved forward through varied forms of adaptation, disengagement, meaning-making, and imagined systemic repair.

Findings suggest that the aftermath of hate-motivated harm is neither linear nor adequately captured by whether an incident was reported, services were accessed, or a legal threshold was met. Instead, victims’/survivors’ experiences were shaped by interconnected processes of recognition, legitimacy, risk appraisal, system navigation, validation, and repair. The findings highlight the need for coordinated, accessible, hate-specific, identity-attuned, and trauma- and violence-informed responses that address the emotional, relational, and structural dimensions of hate-motivated harm without leaving victims/survivors to prove, navigate, or translate their experiences alone in pursuit of support and recognition.